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Finding the names for corals can be tricky as some folks tend to put thier own spun or hobby name on them. Alot of the time, what would appear to be 4 different species will in fact be the same. You'd need to probably just stick to using its genus
Some of it can also be opinion based too...
Like mentioned 4 is fine. 1 sediment, 1 carbon block, 1 RO membrane and 1 DI unit
You can go more of each but that should get you started off right without any issues
Not recommended, as there are too many unknowns in your tap water.
You could purchase pre made salt water from a Local Fish Store and can fill er up that way. If there is a Petco, you can purchase their pre-mixed brand of salt water as well.
You will need to consider purchasing a RO/DI unit...
If it's live sand, you will need to add water to it, to keep it live
You can, if that is you preference. Personally I wouldn't as i've had my fair share of tank pests and wouldn't wish it on anybody. The Dry rock will become Live Rock over time. It's also cheaper, can be sculpted to your liking...